Windows key + D - minimise/restore windows
Windows key + F - open Search window
Windows key + F1 - open Help and Support Center
Windows key + E - open Windows Explorer window
Windows key + M - minimise all windows
Windows key + TAB - move through open windows on Taskbar
Windows key + SHIFT + M - restore all windows
Hold CTRL while dragging - make a copy of selected item
Hold CTRL + SHIFT while dragging - make a shortcut to selected item
CTRL + ESC - open Start menu
CTRL + C - Copy
CTRL + X - Cut
CTRL + V - Paste
CTRL + A - Select All
CTRL + Z - Undo
CTRL + B - Bold highlighted text
CTRL + U - Underline highlighted text
CTRL + I - Italicise highlighted text
CTRL + Plus key - increase browser text size
CTRL + Minus key - decrease browser text size
CTRL + ALT + DELETE - open Task Manager
ALT + underlined letters in menus - open menu item
ALT + ENTER - show Properties of selected object
ALT + F4 - close current window or program
CTRL + F4 - close window within program
ALT + TAB - switch between open windows or programs
TAB - move forwards through control items or links in current window
SHIFT + TAB - move backwards through control items or links
ENTER - click selected control item or link
BACKSPACE - move up one folder level
HOME - go to start of current line or web page
END - go to end of current line or web page
CTRL + END - go to end of current document
PAGE UP - move up through current document or web page
PAGE DOWN - move down through current document or web page
PRINT SCREEN - take snapshot image of current screen
ALT + PRINT SCREEN - take snapshot image of current window
F2 - rename selected item
F5 - refresh current window or web page
F6 - move through window panes
---A---
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
ALI - Acer Labs, Incorporated
ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices
APC - American Power Conversion
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASPI - Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
AT - Advanced Technology
ATI - ATI Technologies Inc.
ATX - Advanced Technology Extended
--- B ---
BFG - BFG Technologies
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
BNC - Barrel Nut Connector
--- C ---
CAS - Column Address Signal
CD - Compact Disk
CDR - Compact Disk Recorder
CDRW - Compact Disk Re-Writer
CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
CFM - Cubic Feet per Minute (ft /min)
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CPU - Central Processing Unit
CTX - CTX Technology Corporation (Commited to Excellence)
--- D ---
DDR - Double Data Rate
DDR-SDRAM - Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random
Access Memory
DFI - DFI Inc. (Design for Innovation)
DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
DPI - Dots Per Inch
DSL - See ASDL
DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
DVD-RAM - Digital Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory
--- E ---
ECC - Error Correction Code
ECS - Elitegroup Computer Systems
EDO - Extended Data Out
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EVGA - EVGA Corporation
--- F ---
FC-PGA - Flip Chip Pin Grid Array
FDC - Floppy Disk Controller
FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
FPS - Frame Per Second
FPU - Floating Point Unit
FSAA - Full Screen Anti-Aliasing
FS - For Sale
FSB - Front Side Bus
--- G ---
GB - Gigabytes
GBps - Gigabytes per second or Gigabits per second
GDI - Graphical Device Interface
GHz - GigaHertz
--- H ---
HDD - Hard Disk Drive
HIS - Hightech Information System Limited
HP - Hewlett-Packard Development Company
HSF - Heatsink-Fan
--- I ---
IBM - International Business Machines Corporation
IC - Integrated Circuit
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
IFS- Item for Sale
IRQ - Interrupt Request
ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
ISO - International Standards Organization
--- J ---
JBL - JBL (Jame B. Lansing) Speakers
JVC - JVC Company of America
- K ---
Kbps - Kilobits Per Second
KBps - KiloBytes per second
--- L ---
LG - LG Electronics
LAN - Local Are Network
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LDT - Lightning Data Transport
LED - Light Emitting Diode
--- M ---
MAC - Media Access Control
MB MotherBoard or Megabyte
MBps - Megabytes Per Second
Mbps - Megabits Per Second or Megabits Per Second
MHz - MegaHertz
MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
MMX - Multi-Media Extensions
MSI - Micro Star International
--- N ---
NAS - Network Attached Storage
NAT - Network Address Translation
NEC - NEC Corporation
NIC - Network Interface Card
--- O ---
OC - Overclock (Over Clock)
OCZ - OCZ Technology
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
--- P ---
PC - Personal Computer
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PCMCIA - Peripheral Component Microchannel Interconnect
Architecture
PGA - Professional Graphics Array
PLD - Programmable Logic Device
PM - Private Message / Private Messaging
PnP - Plug 'n Play
PNY - PNY Technology
POST - Power On Self Test
PPPoA - Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
PPPoE - Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
PQI - PQI Corporation
PSU - Power Supply Unit
--- R ---
RAID - Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
RAM - Random Access Memory
RAMDAC - Random Access Memory Digital Analog Convertor
RDRAM - Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only Memory
RPM - Revolutions Per Minute
--- S ---
SASID - Self-scanned Amorphous Silicon Integrated Display
SCA - SCSI Configured Automatically
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SECC - Single Edge Contact Connector
SODIMM - Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module
SPARC - Scalable Processor ArChitecture
SOHO - Small Office Home Office
SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array
S/PDIF - Sony/Philips Digital Interface
--- T ---
TB - Terabytes
TBps - Terabytes per second
Tbps - Terabits per second
TDK - TDK Electronics
TEC - Thermoelectric Cooler
TPC - TipidPC
TWAIN - Technology Without An Important Name
--- U ---
UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
USB - Universal Serial Bus
UTP - Unshieled Twisted Pair
--- V ---
VCD - Video CD
VPN - Virtual Private Network
--- W ---
WAN - Wide Area Network
WTB - Want to Buy
WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get
--- X ---
XGA - Extended Graphics Array
XFX - XFX Graphics, a Division of Pine
XMS - Extended Memory Specification
XT - Extended TechnologyComputer Term Acronym
ACL Access Control List
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADF Automatic Document Feeder
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
AIFF Audio Interchange File Format
AIX Advanced Interactive Executive
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API Application Program Interface
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASP Active Server Page or Application Service Provider
ATA Advanced Technology Attachment
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Bcc Blind Carbon Copy
BIOS Basic Input/Output System
Blob Binary Large Object
BMP Bitmap
CAD Computer-Aided Design
Cc Carbon Copy
CCD Charged Coupled Device
CD Compact Disc
CD-R Compact Disc Recordable
CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
CD-RW Compact Disc Re-Writable
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CGI Common Gateway Interface
CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMYK Cyan Magenta Yellow Black
CPA Cost Per Action
CPC Cost Per Click
CPL Cost Per Lead
CPM Cost Per 1,000 Impressions
CPS Classroom Performance System
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CSS Cascading Style Sheet
CTP Composite Theoretical Performance
CTR Click-Through Rate
DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter
DBMS Database Management System
DDR Double Data Rate
DDR2 Double Data Rate 2
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DIMM Dual In-Line Memory Module
DLL Dynamic Link Library
DMA Direct Memory Access
DNS Domain Name System
DOS Disk Operating System
DPI Dots Per Inch
DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory
DRM Digital Rights Management
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
DTD Document Type Definition
DV Digital Video
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
DVD+R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
DVD+RW - Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable
DVD-R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
DVD-RAM - Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory
DVD-RW - Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable
DVI Digital Video Interface
DVR Digital Video Recorder
ECC Error Correction Code
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
EPS Encapsulated PostScript
EUP Enterprise Unified Process
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions
FIFO First In, First Out
FiOS Fiber Optic Service
FLOPS Floating Point Operations Per Second
FPU Floating Point Unit
FSB Frontside Bus
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GPS Global Positioning System
GPU Graphics Processing Unit
GUI Graphical User Interface
GUID Globally Unique Identifier
HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface
HDTV High Definition Televsion
HDV High-Definition Video
HFS Hierarchical File System
HSF Heat Sink and Fan
HTML Hyper-Text Markup Language
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTPS HyperText Transport Protocol Secure
I/O Input/Output
ICANN Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers
ICF Internet Connection Firewall
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
ICS Internet Connection Sharing
IDE Integrated Device Electronics or
Integrated Development Environment
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IGP Integrated Graphics Processor
IM Instant Message
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol
InterNIC Internet Network Information Center
IP Internet Protocol
IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange
IRC Internet Relay Chat
IRQ Interrupt Request
ISA Industry Standard Architecture
ISCSI Internet Small Computer Systems Interface
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISP Internet Service Provider
IT Information Technology
IVR Interactive Voice Response
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
JRE Java Runtime Environment
JSP Java Server Page
Kbps Kilobits Per Second
KDE K Desktop Environment
KVM Switch Keyboard, Video, and Mouse Switch
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LIFO Last In, First Out
LPI Lines Per Inch
LUN Logical Unit Number
MAC Address Media Access Control Address
MANET Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Mbps Megabits Per Second
MCA Micro Channel Architecture
MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIPS Million Instructions Per Second
MP3 MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit
NAT Network Address Translation
NetBIOS Network Basic Input /
Output System
NIC Network Interface Card
NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol
NOC Network Operations Center
NTFS New Technology File System
OASIS Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information
Standards
OCR Optical Character Recognition
ODBC Open Database Connectivity
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OLAP Online Analytical Processing
OLE Object Linking and Embedding
OOP Object-Oriented Programming
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
P2P Peer To Peer
PC Personal Computer
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
PCI-X Peripheral Component
Interconnect Extended
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PDF Portable Document Format
PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
PIM Personal Information Manager
PMU Power Management Unit
PNG Portable Network Graphic
POP3 Post Office Protocol
PPC Pay Per Click
PPGA Plastic Pin Grid Array
PPI Pixels Per Inch
PPL Pay Per Lead
PPM Pages Per Minute
PPP Point to Point Protocol
PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
PRAM Parameter Random Access
Memory
PS/2 Personal System/2
QBE Query By Example
RAID Redundant Array of
Independent Disks
RAM Random Access Memory
RDF Resource Description Framework
RDRAM Rambus Dynamic Random
Access Memory
RGB Red Green Blue
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing
ROM Read-Only Memory
RPC Remote Procedure Call
RPM Revenue Per 1,000 Impressions
RSS RDF Site Summary
RTE Runtime Environment
RTF Rich Text Fomat
RUP Rational Unified Process
SAN Storage Area Network
SATA Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment
SCSI Small Computer System Interface
SD Secure Digital
SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random
Access Memory
SDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
SEO Search Engine Optimization
SIMM Single In-Line Memory Module
SKU Stock Keeping Unit
SLI Scalable Link Interface
SMART Self-Monitoring Analysis
And Reporting Technology
SMB Server Message Block
SMS Short Message Service
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management
Protocol
SO-DIMM Small Outline Dual In-Line
Memory Module
SOA Service Oriented Architecture
SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol
SQL Structured Query Language
SRAM Static Random Access Memory
sRGB Standard Red Green Blue
SSH Secure Shell
SSID Service Set Identifier
SSL Secure Sockets Layer
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol
TFT Thin-Film Transistor
TIFF Tagged Image File Format
TTL Time To Live
TWAIN Toolkit Without An Informative Name
UDDI Universal Description Discovery
and Integration
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UML Unified Modeling Language
UNC Universal Naming Convention
UPnP Universal Plug and Play
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
URI Uniform Resource Identifier
URL Uniform Resource Locator
USB Universal Serial Bus
VCI Virtual Channel Identifier
VFAT Virtual File Allocation Table
VGA Video Graphics Array
VLB VESA Local Bus
VLE Virtual Learning Environment
VoIP Voice Over Internet Protocol
VPI Virtual Path Identifier
VPN Virtual Private Network
VRAM Video Random Access Memory
VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language
WAIS Wide Area Information Server
WAN Wide Area Network
WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access
WWW World Wide Web
XHTML Extensible Hypertext
Markup Language
XML Extensible Markup Language
XSLT Extensible Style Sheet
Language Transformation
Y2K Year 2000
ZIF Zero Insertion Force
The two most-used brands are AMI (American Megatrends
International) and Phoenix.
Below are listed the beep codes for AMI systems, and here are the
beep codes for Phoenix systems.
AMI Beep Codes
Beep Code Meaning
1 beep DRAM refresh failure. There is a problem in the system
memory or the motherboard.
2 beeps Memory parity error. The parity circuit is not working
properly.
3 beeps Base 64K RAM failure. There is a problem with the first
64K of system memory.
4 beeps System timer not operational. There is problem with the
timer(s)
that control functions on the motherboard.
5 beeps Processor failure. The system CPU has failed.
6 beeps Gate A20/keyboard controller failure. The keyboard IC
controller has failed, preventing gate A20 from switching the
processor to protect mode.
7 beeps Virtual mode exception error.
8 beeps Video memory error. The BIOS cannot write to the frame
buffer memory on the video card.
9 beeps ROM checksum error. The BIOS ROM chip on the
motherboard is likely faulty.
10 beeps CMOS checksum error. Something on the motherboard
is causing an error when trying to interact with the CMOS.
11 beeps Bad cache memory. An error in the level 2 cache
memory.
1 long beep, 2 short Failure in the video system.
1 long beep, 3 short A failure has been detected in memory
above 64K.
1 long beep, 8 short Display test failure.
Continuous beeping A problem with the memory or video.
BIOS Beep Codes
Phoenix Beep Codes
Phoenix uses sequences of beeps to indicate problems. The "-"
between each number below indicates a pause between each
beep sequence. For example, 1-2-3 indicates one beep, followed by
a pause and two beeps, followed by a pause and three beeps.
Phoenix version before 4.x use 3-beep codes, while Phoenix versions
starting with 4.x use 4-beep codes.
Click here for AMI BIOS beep codes.
4-Beep Codes
Beep Code Meaning
1-1-1-3 Faulty CPU/motherboard. Verify real mode.
1-1-2-1 Faulty CPU/motherboard.
1-1-2-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
1-1-3-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
Initialize chipset registers with initial POST values.
1-1-3-2 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
1-1-3-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
Initialize CPU registers.
1-1-3-2
1-1-3-3
1-1-3-4 Failure in the first 64K of memory.
1-1-4-1 Level 2 cache error.
1-1-4-3 I/O port error.
1-2-1-1 Power management error.
1-2-1-2
1-2-1-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
1-2-2-1 Keyboard controller failure.
1-2-2-3 BIOS ROM error.
1-2-3-1 System timer error.
1-2-3-3 DMA error.
1-2-4-1 IRQ controller error.
1-3-1-1 DRAM refresh error.
1-3-1-3 A20 gate failure.
1-3-2-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
1-3-3-1 Extended memory error.
1-3-3-3
1-3-4-1
1-3-4-3 Error in first 1MB of system memory.
1-4-1-3
1-4-2-4 CPU error.
1-4-3-1
2-1-4-1 BIOS ROM shadow error.
1-4-3-2
1-4-3-3 Level 2 cache error.
1-4-4-1
1-4-4-2
2-1-1-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
2-1-1-3
2-1-2-1 IRQ failure.
2-1-2-3 BIOS ROM error.
2-1-2-4
2-1-3-2 I/O port failure.
2-1-3-1
2-1-3-3 Video system failure.
2-1-1-3
2-1-2-1 IRQ failure.
2-1-2-3 BIOS ROM error.
2-1-2-4 I/O port failure.
2-1-4-3
2-2-1-1 Video card failure.
2-2-1-3
2-2-2-1
2-2-2-3 Keyboard controller failure.
2-2-3-1 IRQ error.
2-2-4-1 Error in first 1MB of system memory.
2-3-1-1
2-3-3-3 Extended memory failure.
2-3-2-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
2-3-2-3
2-3-3-1 Level 2 cache error.
2-3-4-1
2-3-4-3 Motherboard or video card failure.
2-3-4-1
2-3-4-3
2-4-1-1 Motherboard or video card failure.
2-4-1-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
2-4-2-1 RTC error.
2-4-2-3 Keyboard controller error.
2-4-4-1 IRQ error.
3-1-1-1
3-1-1-3
3-1-2-1
3-1-2-3 I/O port error.
3-1-3-1
3-1-3-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
3-1-4-1
3-2-1-1
3-2-1-2 Floppy drive or hard drive failure.
3-2-1-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
3-2-2-1 Keyboard controller error.
3-2-2-3
3-2-3-1
3-2-4-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
3-2-4-3 IRQ error.
3-3-1-1 RTC error.
3-3-1-3 Key lock error.
3-3-3-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
3-3-3-3
3-3-4-1
3-3-4-3
3-4-1-1
3-4-1-3
3-4-2-1
3-4-2-3
3-4-3-1
3-4-4-1
3-4-4-4 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
4-1-1-1 Floppy drive or hard drive failure.
4-2-1-1
4-2-1-3
4-2-2-1 IRQ failure.
4-2-2-3
4-2-3-1
4-2-3-3
4-2-4-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
4-2-4-3 Keyboard controller error.
4-3-1-3
4-3-1-4
4-3-2-1
4-3-2-2
4-3-3-1
4-3-4-1
4-3-4-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
4-3-3-2
4-3-3-4 IRQ failure.
4-3-3-3
4-3-4-2 Floppy drive or hard drive failure.
3-Beep Codes
Beep Code Meaning
1-1-2 Faulty CPU/motherboard.
1-1-3 Faulty motherboard/CMOS read-write failure.
1-1-4 Faulty BIOS/BIOS ROM checksum error.
1-2-1 System timer not operational. There is a problem with the
timer(s) that control functions on the motherboard.
1-2-2
1-2-3 Faulty motherboard/DMA failure.
1-3-1 Memory refresh failure.
1-3-2
1-3-3
1-3-4 Failure in the first 64K of memory.
1-4-1 Address line failure.
1-4-2 Parity RAM failure.
1-4-3 Timer failure.
1-4-4 NMI port failure.
2-_-_ Any combination of beeps after 2 indicates a failure in the first
64Kof memory.
3-1-1 Master DMA failure.
3-1-2 Slave DMA failure.
3-1-3
3-1-4 Interrupt controller failure.
3-2-4 Keyboard controller failure.
3-3-1
3-3-2 CMOS error.
3-3-4 Video card failure.
3-4-1 Video card failure.
4-2-1 Timer failure.
4-2-2 CMOS shutdown failure.
4-2-3 Gate A20 failure.
4-2-4 Unexpected interrupt in protected mode.
4-3-1 RAM test failure.
4-3-3 Timer failure.
4-3-4 Time of day clock failure.
4-4-1 Serial port failure.
4-4-2 Parallel port failure.
4-4-3 Math coprocessor.
__________________
Thanks
